Rarryhoo
Part 3 - Evidence in the Universe
​
Does light 'write' time?
If wave transits are outside our time, and time is a consequence of that process, perhaps time is something that condenses out of the probability wave at the transition point - maybe time only ticks when the probability wave collapses? And perhaps it’s related to the density of photons? If time is a parameter that condenses out of the collapse point of probability waves, then in empty deep space where there are fewer interactions, could time could be passing relatively 'faster', tending towards the more fundamental
​
The Galaxy Rotation Curve
If there is a connection between photon density and time, a likely place to look for evidence would be within a galaxy. This is where the steepest photon density gradient will commonly be found and any effects might be easier to discern. Interestingly, there is one major anomaly immediately apparent:
​
Wikipedia: Galaxy Rotation Curve
The outer rim of many galaxies rotates much faster than would be expected by Newtonian mechanics. “When mass profiles of galaxies are calculated from the distribution of stars in spirals and mass-to-light ratios in the stellar disks, they do not match with the masses derived from the observed rotation curves and the law of gravity. A solution to this conundrum is to hypothesize the existence of dark matter and to assume its distribution from the galaxy's center out to its halo”
When calculated according to conventional theory, masses in orbit around the galactic centre should do so at a speed in inverse proportion to the distance from the centre of rotation. Kepler’s third law of planetary motion states: “The square of the period of any planet is proportional to the cube of the semimajor axis of its orbit.” This is true for planets (the orbital period of Saturn for example, is about 30 Earth years) and it should hold true for galaxies, but it doesn’t.
Conventional theory since the 1930’s has been to theorise dark matter ‘Wikipedia - Dark Matter’, which would explain the extra mass needed to correct the observed speed anomaly. In 1980 astronomer Vera Rubin published a famous paper detailing measurements of the redshift of side-on spiral galaxies and calculations suggest that much of the mass of a galaxy must be contained in this invisible theoretical substance. It was said that she “transformed modern physics and astronomy with her observations showing that galaxies and stars are immersed in the gravitational grip of vast clouds of dark matter”.
The problem is that despite decades of various methods of observation and very many experiments, no dark matter has ever been detected, and even theoretically, physicists are having difficulty hypothesising what it might be made of. As more is known about the fundamental constituents of our universe, through experiments such as the Large Hadron Collider, there is less and less 'wriggle-room' for theoretical particles that could be possible candidates. In fact, there is regular news in scientific papers documenting the failure to find any evidence from the latest experiments. So although the concept of dark matter is widely accepted as conventional theory, absolutely no convincing evidence for it has been found despite much searching. What is ‘known’ about the theoretical dark matter so far is that it emits no light or energy and doesn’t interact with any other matter we understand, except gravitationally, but it makes up 80% of the matter in the universe.
So could a time gradient explain the anomaly? The luminosity of a hypothetical disk galaxy of even density would be evenly distributed when viewed from a distance, but consider the distribution of photons within the galaxy. The centre would be exposed to light not only from the nearby stars, but from
​
Too much Gamma Radiation from Galaxy Core
There is too much gamma radiation being emitted from the centre of our galaxy and from Andromeda:
​
http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/origin-milky-ways-mysterious-gamma-rays/
​
SkyandTelescope May 26 - 2017: “An unexpected number of gamma rays emanate from our galaxy’s center — unexpected because, as of yet, astronomers still don’t understand what’s producing this high-energy radiation.....Even if dark matter can’t explain the gamma-ray, positron, and antiproton excesses, that doesn’t mean it’s not real — the cosmic evidence for dark matter’s existence includes galaxy rotation curves, whirling galaxy clusters, and weak gravitational lensing observations. What it does mean is that scientists will have to try a little harder to pin down dark matter’s properties to something that can one day be detected directly — or not.”
It is difficult to see into the centre of galaxies due to the density of stars as interstellar dust forms an almost impenetrable barrier for visible photons, but a gamma ray photon can traverse the whole length of the galaxy virtually without attenuation, and apparently there is more of it than there should be. Perhaps the excess UV light in the universe and excess Gamma from galaxy cores could be explained if the sources were emitting from locations where time is running at a different rate?
every star in inverse proportion to (the square of) its distance and that would be maximised at the central point. At the edge of the galaxy the light would be coming from only one side, and half of the stars in the galaxy are further away than when measured from a central point. The density curve can be calculated by considering arcs of increasing radius intersecting with a galaxy when viewed from percentage steps outwards from the centre. This chart shows the photon density relative to a hypothetical 'flat' galaxy centre at 100%. Note the centre of the galaxy is at the left of the chart, the edge of the galaxy is at the centre of the chart.
If the passage of time was related to the density of photon ‘events’ in the volume of space, what would be the outcome? This is entirely speculative, but clearly, if the rate of time was simply proportional to the photon density it could be different by a factor of two from the galactic centre to the disk edge which could easily explain the anomaly observed in the rotation curves of galaxies.
​
But wouldn’t that be obvious from observation? Perhaps not; redshift is caused when light travels through expanding space or from a receding galaxy, and there would be no extra redshift or blueshift introduced as distance isn’t changing as a result of any time gradient. The photons would be leaving the galaxy centre at the speed of light and arriving at our sensors at the speed of light. Also the time gradient in deep space between galaxies would still be relatively flat, with the only very steep gradients occurring well inside the central bulge of galaxies. So there may be few clues to lead us to suspect this may be happening, perhaps the only observable result would be simply that more photons are being emitted than expected? Interestingly this is exactly what is observed. There is both too much light in the universe than expected from calculation, and there is also too much gamma radiation emitted from the cores of the Milky Way galaxy and from our close neighbour Andromeda. The classic rotation curve graphs (as above right) show the velocity dipping towards the centre. This is because the very fast moving stars with orbits on the central plane near to the core are very difficult to see. They are shielded by the outer stars of the bulge which, as they become closer to the centre of rotation of the galaxy tend towards random polar orbits and so don’t show rotational redshifts.
​
​
Too​ ​much​ ​light​ ​in​ ​the​ ​universe
Ultra Violet light from galaxies and quasars ionises hydrogen gas in interstellar clouds and instruments can detect this illumination and calculate how much UV would be needed to account for the level detected. It seems there is far too much than can be accounted for:
​
https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22329782-700-strange-dark-stuff-is-making-the-universe-too-bright
From New Scientist 16th July 2014: "LIGHT​ ​is​ ​in​ ​crisis.​The​ ​universe​ ​is​ ​far​ ​brighter​ ​than​ ​it​ ​should​ ​be​ ​based​ ​on​ ​the​ ​number​ ​of​ ​light-emitting​ ​objects​ ​we​ ​can​ ​find,​ ​a​ ​cosmic accounting​ ​problem​ ​that​ ​has​ ​astronomers​ ​baffled. “Something​ ​is​ ​very​ ​wrong,”​ ​says​ ​Juna​ ​Kollmeier​ ​at​ ​the​ ​Observatories​ ​of​ ​the​ ​Carnegie​ ​Institution​ ​of​ ​Washington​ ​in​ ​Pasadena,​ ​California. “It’s​ ​such​ ​a​ ​big​ ​discrepancy​ ​that​ ​whatever​ ​we​ ​find​ ​is​ ​going​ ​to​ ​be​ ​amazing,​ ​and​ ​it​ ​will​ ​overturn​ ​something​ ​we​ ​currently​ ​think​ ​is​ ​true”​.
Extreme theories are being considered to explain this excess UV, even to the extent of theorising invisible matter that can emit UV yet remain invisible itself. From the article quoted above: “If WIMPS aren’t the answer, the possible explanations become even more bizarre, such as mysterious “dark” objects that can emit UV light but remain shrouded from view. And if all else fails, there’s even a chance something is wrong with our basic understanding of hydrogen.”
​
​
Galaxy NGC 4622 is going Backwards - an Inconvenient Truth?
This galaxy is extremely interesting. Its spiral arms aren’t simply going too fast by Newtonian predictions as do many other galaxies, trailing the centre by less than expected, but the outer spirals are actually overtaking the centre and the spirals are pointing forward in the direction of rotation. It looks like an otherwise typical spiral galaxy but it’s rotating the wrong way. It’s worth noting that although theoretical dark matter could cause some velocity variation at different radial distances, and so predicting the outer speed as different fractions of the inner speed, and potentially explaining the spiral arms rotating at
anomalies is the cause of the other. For a galaxy to merge so neatly into the centre of a second larger galaxy is a rare event, but galaxies merge often and so it is not extraordinary that these galaxies aligned as they did. What would be extraordinary would be for the reverse rotation of the outer arms to be entirely unrelated.
The contra-rotation of the new centre core probably does not explain the reverse motion of the outer arms, although it might help to explain how the inner galaxy could have so neatly drilled into the centre of the original one and displaced it outwards. But if the original galaxy had a time gradient which possibly in many galaxies causes the outer arms to speed up nearer to the speed of the central core, then after the insertion of the second galaxy that time gradient would be compressed and effective over possibly half the distance creating a gradient so steep that it causes the outer stars not simply to approach the speed of the inner core but to actually overtake the inner mass and so reverse the usual trailing arm configuration. This would result in the symmetry observed in this galaxy, with the additional speed resulting in a perfect mirror image of how it might have appeared with a less steep time gradient. It would be interesting to see if the structure of other galaxies with varying degrees of spiralling might be shown to correlate with possible different time gradients.
Credit: Wikipedia - Stefania.deluca
Credit: NASA Spaceplace
state where everything happens all-at-once? This would raise some interesting questions: Could there be a temporal lensing effect that bends the probability waves giving the impression that there is undetectable matter in the gaps between galaxies? Could time pass slower nearer the centre of galaxies where the wave density is greater, causing them to appear to move more slowly where time becomes ‘stickier’, and run faster on the outer rim where time tends more towards the all-at-once state ? Could there be a temporal effect resulting in energy loss in a very long wave path distorting the measurement of redshift?
Credit: Nasa / STScI
Correlation between galaxy rotation and visible matter
​
PhysicsWorld.com - Correlation between galaxy rotation and visible matter puzzles astronomers (October 2016) Quote: “A new study of the rotational velocities of stars in galaxies has revealed a strong correlation between the motion of the stars and the amount of visible mass in the galaxies. This result comes as a surprise because it is not predicted by conventional models of dark matter."
Another report: https://phys.org/news/2017-02-team-radial-common-galaxies.html
Quote: "This demonstrates that we truly have a universal law for galactic systems," said Federico Lelli, .... "This is similar to the Kepler law for planetary systems, which does not care about the specific properties of the planet. Whether the planet is rocky like Earth or gaseous like Jupiter, the law applies," said Lelli, who led this investigation. In this case, the observed acceleration tightly correlates with the gravitational acceleration from the visible mass, no matter the type of galaxy. In other words, if astronomers measure the distribution of normal matter, they know the rotation curve, and vice versa.
"But it is still unclear what this relation means and what is its fundamental origin," Lelli said.
​
To make it even more interesting, the reversed rotation is not the only exceptional element of NGC 4622. It has another curious feature which is that it appears to contain a second galaxy which has merged into its centre. Rather as an egg broken into the middle of a frying pan would push the oil to the outside, the second smaller galaxy appears to have merged into the central plane of NGC 4622 and become a new core that rotates in the opposite direction, and pushed all the stars of the original galaxy outwards.The theory of a passing mass reversing the spin properties of the galaxy is extremely unlikely on its own, but that proposition further requires that the existence of the second highly improbable feature is purely coincidental, so possibly squaring the improbability. It is a far simpler concept and so much more likely that one of these
different lower rates relative to the central area, it is difficult for dark matter to explain the outer arms of a galaxy rotating faster and actually overtaking the inner mass. Possible theories have been suggested, including that this galaxy has been disturbed by a large mass passing nearby. How that could be made to cause the spiral arms not only to rotate faster as the distance from the central core increases, but also to leave them otherwise relatively symmetrical and undisturbed would make for a very challenging computer simulation. This galaxy behaviour was very unexpected and when first detected the results were received with much skepticism and generally thought to be mistaken. But since the original observation, the fact of the reverse rotation has also been confirmed by other methods.
Although it is the best example found to date, this galaxy may not be unique in this combination of its two unusual features, confirming the strong likelihood that they are related:
http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/345821/fulltext/
​
To quote: "The idea that a single inner arm trails and two outer arms lead is not unprecedented ... Van Driel & Buta (1993) had noted a similarity between NGC 4826 and NGC 4622, in that the inner spiral structure looks single-armed and winds in the opposite sense from two outer arms ... This assertion led to little controversy because the features seen in NGC 4826 are relatively weak compared with those seen in NGC 4622. Nevertheless, it would still be difficult to account even for two weak outer leading arms in conventional density wave theory."
​
If this effect is real, it would seem to be a property that has some hysteresis-like attribute, in that it is persistent by locality even after the galaxy has been distorted as here with NGC 4622. It appears that the effect, if real, may take time to build up as younger galaxies do not seem to exhibit the same rotation anomaly as older ones:
​
http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/less-dark-matter-young-galaxies/
​
The Pioneer Anomaly:
​
It was observed in the 1980’s that the Pioneer spacecraft were apparently slightly closer to the sun than expected. Wikipedia -The Pioneer Anomaly
“Upon very close examination of navigational data, the spacecraft were found to be slowing slightly more than expected. The effect is an extremely small ... equivalent to a reduction of the outbound velocity by 1 km/h over a period of ten years. The two spacecraft were launched in 1972 and 1973 and the anomalous acceleration was first noticed as early as 1980, but not seriously investigated until 1994. The last communication with either spacecraft was in 2003, but analysis of recorded data continues….. Because the spacecraft were flying with almost no additional stabilization thrusts during their "cruise", it is possible to characterize the density of the solar medium by its effect on the spacecraft's motion. In the outer Solar System this effect would be easily calculable, based on ground-based measurements of the deep space environment. When these effects were taken into account, along with all other known effects, the calculated position of the Pioneers did not agree with measurements based on timing the return of the radio signals being sent back from the spacecraft.”
Many possible causes have been suggested. “This anomaly is now believed to be accounted for by thermal recoil forces.” But the possibilities are very complicated to theorise and are still subject to some dispute. Perhaps if there was an almost imperceptible speeding up of time as the distance from the sun increased, it might be that the spacecraft are where they are expected to be, but the signals are simply being returned very slightly earlier than predicted. Admittedly, that is a weak connection but interesting to consider.
​
The rotation rates of galaxy clusters do not correlate with the mass of the galaxies according to Newtonian physics but perhaps they would if the galaxies motion is happening in space which is running at a different rate to that within the galaxies themselves? The effect of any time difference effect might be expected to be even greater on clusters, where all the orbital rotation is occurring outside any steeper time gradient within the galaxies, and that is exactly what is observed as clusters appear to require 90% of their mass to consist of dark matter to explain their excessive rotational speed.
​
We know that time doesn't pass at all at the event horizon of a black hole due to spacetime curvature, and the evidence from quantum entanglement suggests that in a fundamental reality everything happens 'all-at-once', so to suppose a gradient from one state to the other via the state we are familiar with perhaps isn't so extraordinary? It simply adds another factor, but in doing so it might remove the need for dark matter.
“When someone presents you with an idea that may seem strange it’s reasonable to be skeptical of it, but it’s worth pursuing long enough to see if it might make sense and to listen to arguments that might be convincing, that might cause you to change your mind... The only way we actually learn anything is by confronting our own misconceptions… Sometimes what you think is skepticism is really myopia.” (Lawrence Krauss on Critical Thinking)
These ideas are simply conjecture, exploring possibilities and are probably off the mark, but it is curious that puzzling anomalies such as excess light, the galaxy rotation curve, the backwards galaxy NGC 4622 and galaxy cluster rotation speed could be neatly explained by this idea and could do so while helpfully dispensing with the troublesome and elusive concept of Dark Matter.
​
​
​
NASA and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)
NASA and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)
Credit - NASA
Credit - NASA - click to enlarge
This recent work used the data from calculation of the mass-to-light ratio of 153 galaxies and concluded that the mass correlated as a simple function of the visible matter. This correlation would not hold of course if dark matter was included in the calculation, suggesting that if dark matter does exist this neat correlation between galaxy rotation and visible matter is just a coincidence. As they say in the first article: "Strange correlation: why is galaxy rotation defined by visible mass?" So perhaps the puzzle is not about the amount of matter, which may in fact be exactly what we see, but about finding a way to explain its motion.
To quote the original paper: The Radial Acceleration Relation in Rotationally Supported Galaxies, "This radial acceleration relation is tantamount to a natural law for rotating galaxies." In other words, the rotation correlates very well with the amount of visible matter to the extent that one can be a predictor for the other. This would seem to be a odd coincidence if the rotation characteristics also depended on the amount of invisible dark matter.
Credit: NASA
​
Galaxy clusters and other evidence
There are a number of other anomalies that could be explained by time running at different rates - changes in the fine structure constant, ultra energetic cosmic rays; perhaps even dark energy might not be needed to explain the observed acceleration of the expansion of the universe. If light or all EM radiation is writing spacetime there would be more of it as the universe brightens, creating the apparent acceleration, but later in its life as it darkens perhaps it might shrink back to the next big bang? The 3D dark matter map of the universe could just as easily be interpreted a map of time gradients. Could time gradients be a factor in the transformation of disk galaxies into elliptical ones? A recent study (New Scientist Feb 25 2017) found that the thicker part of the Milky Way’s disk forms new stars more rapidly than elsewhere in the galaxy. Could they have more time there to do it?
